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iReview: Equality, Diversity, Relativity

Hello and Welcome  Today, I want to talk about EQUALITY, DIVERSITY, RELATIVITY , an introduction to the section II of the Book LANGUAGE IN CULTURE AND SOCIETY: A READER IN LINGUISTICS AND ANTHROPOLOGY by DELL HYMES (1927 – 2009). About the Author: Dell Hymes (1927 - 2009) Dell Hymes was a linguist, sociolinguist, anthropologist, and folklorist who established disciplinary foundations for the comparative, ethnographic study of language use. His research focused upon the languages of the Pacific Northwest. What the Chapter is about? This chapter is introduction to the second section of the book. This section’s articles are about the issues of language diversity, relativity, and equality. Chapter addresses outdated misconceptions surrounding the study of language, specifically the inaccurate classification of languages as "primitive". It advocates for a more nuanced approach recognising the equality of all languages in their scientific value, while acknowledging their div...
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Semiotics: Syntagmatic & Paradigmatic Relations

Today, continuing our discussion of Saussurean sign, I would like to elaborate upon the interrelationship of the signs.

Saussure says that a sign becomes meaningful in a specific sign system. Thus, language is a system of interrelated signs. Saussure argued that the value of a sign comes not from its intrinsic properties but from its relationships with other signs in the system. For example, the meaning of the word "tree" is partly defined by its difference from other words like "bush" or "forest." A tree is a tree because it is not a bush or it is not a forest or it is not anything else.

Here, Saussure proposes two types of relationships among the signs in terms of its usage. Those relations are termed as Syntagmatic and Paradigmatic relations.

SYNTAGMATIC RELATIONS 

Syntagmatic relations are the linear relationships between words in a sentence or text. They are based on the order and position of words, and are governed by grammatical rules. 

Simply put, it is a relations like A and B and C

Syntagmatic relations are concerned with the order and position of words in a sentence. 

They are based on the combination of words in a specific context. 

Syntagmatic relations can explain why certain words are often used together, such as "have" and "a party" in the phrase "We had a party on Saturday". 

Syntagmatic relations are like syntax, which is the arrangement of words and phrases in a sentence.

PARADIGMATIC RELATIONS

Paradigmatic relations are the relationships between words or concepts that can be exchanged for each other in a sentence. For example, in the sentence "The dog/cat/chimpanzee bit me," the words "dog," "cat," and "chimpanzee" are all in the same word class and can be used interchangeably. 

Simply put, it is relations like A or B or C

Paradigmatic relations are based on shared semantic, grammatical, or functional properties of words. 

They are a type of semantic relation, which is a relationship between words or concepts. 

Though I have cited examples from language, but these relations are also applicable on other types of sign systems as well. For example, in a system of food we have soup, starters, main course, and dessert in syntagmatic order, that is one is taken after the previous gets over. Now, within soups or starters, for example, we have multiple options, these options fall into paradigmatic order. So in the course of a meal, we can have soup and starter and main course and dessert, syntagmatically. But paradigmatically we can have Chicken Mon chaw Soup or Tomato soup or Chicken-corn soup; we can make only one choice at a time.

That is all for today. I will be providing more details on the concept of Sign in upcoming content. Comment which concepts you want to know in detail.

Thank you.

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